proposal to a superior, counsel

to advise

the Senate (Roman Senate; Japan's Senate; Canada's, the Philippines', France's, Spain's, Italy's, Thailand's and Malaysia's upper house)

origin; root / cause

(military) a marshal / (military) a general of the army / (military) a field marshal / (military) an admiral of the fleet

Hangul

(kabuki) A play; a kabuki piece. / (theater) Kyogen, a humorous theater piece, frequently presented as a comic interlude in a program of noh performances.

proverb / slang

modernization

to modernize