the ground / earth, dirt, mud, soil / the earth (as opposed to the heavens) / the ground or bottom of something (as of a price range)

pro-Japanese

(logic) truth value

new knowledge

Japanophile

let's see; what have we got here

Nothing

which (of three or more) / which one /

(finance) factoring: a process whereby a company sells its accounts receivable to a third party (called a "factor") at a discount in order to get money now, without having to wait for the accounts receivable to come due

linguine