a trap or snare that works by beheading the bird or beast caught in it

manipulation (as in a device) / manipulation (as in a person): deception, taking someone in / getting on someone's right side; humoring someone; an effort to please someone

indicates machines / indicates airplanes

mechanism / machine / airplane / opportunity

depressed cowry, Mauritia depressa

the Paleogene period

Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China)

Outer Mongolia

Obsolete spelling of シカゴ (Shikago, “Chicago (a city in Illinois, United States)”)

spot / blemish / speck / patches