a place name, such as that of Kōnan City in Aichi Prefecture

a southern capital (formerly used to refer to the city of Nara)

(derogatory, archaic) a foreigner from Portugal or Spain; more broadly, a westerner in general

from the west, from Europe

(dated) Synonym of 南極海

(derogatory, archaic) a foreigner from Portugal or Spain; more broadly, a westerner in general

southern part, southern area

a surname / A region in northern 岩手県 (Iwate prefecture) and eastern 青森県 (Aomori prefecture). Former fiefdom of the Nanbu daimyō family.

hard flight, rough passage / difficulties, rough time

have a hard flight, have a rough passage / run into difficulties, have a rough time