"Modern kana usage", the method of using kana to write Japanese that has been used after the 1946 (post-war) Japanese national language reform. Unlike its predecessor, it is almost entirely phonetic, reflecting modern language with little ambiguity.

Abbreviation of 奈良: the city of Nara / what / (obsolete) apple tree

(grammar) pronoun / (figuratively) synonym

Modern English

a Classical Japanese adjective with ク活用 (ku-katsuyō, “ku-inflection”)

substitute / alternate / representative / generation

from

first / number one / primary

(historical) universities of the Empire of Japan

the Neolithic