what / that thing (used in place of words you can't remember at the moment.)

nothing, none (used with things)

masturbation (manual erotic stimulation of the genitals)

what sort of matter / unspecified matter

A 19th-20th century type of storytelling accompanied by a shamisen.

above all; more than anything else

everything

at all costs, whatever it takes

the poem traditionally attributed to Wani in the Kokin Wakashū kana preface:

mask / face / features / surface