"Historical kana usage", a prescriptive method of using kana to write Japanese. Devised in the Edo period by Keichū (契沖) and taught in schools until 1946, it aims to be etymologically faithful and reflects earlier stages of the language (Heian period and earlier).

expression, wording, way of speaking

a crescent moon on the third day of a lunar month, especially on the eighth lunar month / (by extension) Short for 三日月形 (mikazuki-gata): a crescent moon in general

"Modern kana usage", the method of using kana to write Japanese that has been used after the 1946 (post-war) Japanese national language reform. Unlike its predecessor, it is almost entirely phonetic, reflecting modern language with little ambiguity.

schadenfreude

arbor / pavilion

sovereign

resist / reach / touch

beach, shore, water's edge

to spell / compose / bind (books) / write