“a hundred days of sermonizing, one fart” → a metaphor for how something that one has put great effort into can come to nothing after even a slight mistake, much as a hundred days of serious spiritual study can be lost to the winds

contract, promise / to contract, to shorten / approximately, roughly

クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

The appearance of a dragon crawling, going, or rising (in flight)

still, yet, also, furthermore, more, still more, even more

a word once spoken is hard to catch even with a four-horse carriage; a word once spoken cannot be undone

open

leaf, block, classifier for cake / something D / fourth in rank / street / even

longevity; long life / congratulations

seethe / boil / simmer