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御三家
the most noble three branches of the Tokugawa clan (徳(とく)川(がわ)氏(し) (Tokugawa-shi)): 尾張(おわり) (Owari), 紀伊(きい) (Kī), and 水戸(みと) (Mito) / (figuratively) the "big three"
高皇産霊
(Japanese mythology) one of the first three gods who came into existence when heaven and earth began (天地開闢 (tenchi kaibyaku)), along with 天御中主 (Ama no Minakanushi) and 神皇産霊 (Kamimusuhi)
神皇産霊
(Japanese mythology) possibly a goddess, one of the first three gods who came into existence when heaven and earth began (天地開闢 (tenchi kaibyaku)), along with 天御中主 (Ama no Minakanushi) and 高皇産霊 (Takamimusuhi)
学びて思わざれば則ち罔し
If one learns without thinking, one will be lost in his learning. That is, if one does not think about what one learns, he will not arrive at the truth of it.
彼を知り己を知れば百戦殆からず
(literally) know the other side and yourself, a hundred battles will not be perilous