(linguistics) diachronic

(linguistics) synchronic

unsociable; retiring; solitude-loving

infrastructure

vicissitudes, the way that the world or a person prospers one day and declines the next

一栄一落: vicissitudes

stylish; fashionable; smart / wit; humor

continuing unchanged as long as there has been heaven and earth

an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan / (usually in Chinese contexts) an emperor, ruler, or other monarch with a heavenly mandate

used for "spaces" in transcriptions, or as other separators