(grammar) a dependent/enclitic/bound morpheme or form in Japanese, marked by its dependence to a 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) and its lack of distinct pitch accent

Oroqen language

(dated) Gilyak language

the Igbo language

the Hausa language

the Yoruba language

(historical) languages spoken by the Allied Powers and borrowed words in Japanese that originated from such languages

(linguistics) "role language": unique language usage serving as a marker of social identity in fictional speech

(Edo-period Japan) European language

(Taiwan under Japanese rule) aboriginal language