(archaic, colloquial) a nickname of Ariwara no Narihira, Heian-period waka poet

(archaic) used in the beginning of narratives or story literature: once upon a time, long ago

a Japanese word of ancient Japanese origin (as opposed to a word borrowed from Chinese, or composed in Japan from Chinese-derived roots) / Japanese songs or poetry (such as tanka)

male language, men's words

the censorship of words which are considered politically incorrect

expression, wording, way of speaking

wordplay

tongue-twister

Kyoto dialect

(Japanese grammar) dropping the ら (ra) in the potential form of verbs formed with られる (-rareru)