to understand spoken language that one hears

(education, language learning) listening comprehension

(historical) Japanese-language annotation of Chinese-language works / (historical) Korean-language annotation of Chinese-language works

optimal solution

(archaic) explanation (of meaning); interpretation

(Chinese character classification) compound indicatives

downstairs / the foot of the stairs

to shop, to buy

(military) a marine

flowering, blossoming / (by extension) showing results, bearing fruit, being successful