米国人: American (citizen of the USA)

英国人: British person

言い出しっ屁: the first to bring something up; he who smelt it dealt it

break / rest period / rest / leisure

how many years

ushi no toki mairi, a traditional Japanese practice where a person visits (参(まい)り (mairi)) a shrine at approximately 2 AM in the morning (丑(うし)の時(とき) (ushi no toki)) in order to nail a straw effigy of a person (藁人形(わらにんぎょう) (waraningyō)) to a tree and wish for that person's death

(linguistics) diachronic

(linguistics) synchronic

eleven o'clock

twelve o'clock; noon; midnight