a hostage / (archaic, original sense) indentureship, the state of being in servitude to another as collateral on or payment of a debt

surging crowd, wave of humanity, stampede

society, company / the public, the world

a person who sells items; a peddler

wild turmeric

rhubarb

an ancient ethnic group living around the Ōsumi, Satsuma region of Japan

orpiment, an arsenic sulfide mineral

a dynasty

(historical) a Japanese prince's unmarried daughter who is descended from the reigning emperor through no more than five generations ("princes" include 親王 (shinnō) or 王 (ō))