rousing; raising; enhancing

to rouse; to raise; to enhance

first frost of the year

(electricity) generator (machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy)

reap, cut (grass or other plants), prune

(Chinese character classification) compound indicatives

Kyūjitai form of 会意: (Chinese character classification) compound indicatives, as in 六書.

downstairs / the foot of the stairs

civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)

to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)