threatening sky, signs of rain, looking like rain / rainy weather

the whole world, under heaven / the people of the country or nation / the imperial court / the administration, the government / all of Japan

Alternative form of 天の下: the whole world, under heaven; the people of the country or nation; the imperial court; the administration, the government; all of Japan

common, shared

common language, lingua franca

displeasure, ill humor

missionary activity; propagation of a religion

to propagate a religion

economic recession, depression

godfather / church fathers