(grammar) A noun case used in some languages to indicate movement away from something, removal, separation. In English grammar, it corresponds roughly to the use in English of prepositions "of", "from", "away from", and "concerning". In Latin grammar, the ablative case (cāsus ablātīvus) includes functions derived from the Indo-European ablative, instrumental, comitative, associative and locative cases; these cases express concepts similar to those of the English prepositions "of"/"from", "by", "with", "to"/"with", and "at"/"in", respectively. Here/hence/hither, there/thence/thither, and where/whence/whither are the only English words with separate forms for the ablative (motion away from) and lative (motion towards) cases.

(grammar) A case used to indicate movement onto, or to the adjacency of something. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions to or onto, as in "to the house," "onto the house." Languages that use the allative case include Basque, Dyirbal, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, and Lithuanian.

(grammar) A case used to indicate movement into something; for example, into the house.

(grammar) A case used to indicate beneficiary, or the receiver of the benefit. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions for, for the benefit of, in the interests of, intended for, and on behalf of.

(grammar) noun case used to indicate location inside something. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions "in" or "inside", as in "inside the house". Languages that use the inessive case include Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Ossetian and Erzya.

(grammar) A case used to indicate place, or the place where, or wherein. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". Languages that use the locative case include Armenian, Azeri, Belarusian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Dyirbal, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Quechua, Russian, Sanskrit, Slovak, Slovene, Swahili, Turkish and Ukrainian. Some languages use the same locative case construct to indicate when, so the English phrase "in summer" would use the locative case construct.

(grammar) case used to indicate the patient or experiencer of a verb’s action. The absolutive case is used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, as well as the object of a transitive verb (inasmuch as they are codified in the English nominative-accusative system). Some languages that employ the absolutive case include Abkhaz, Basque, Chechen, Dyirbal, Hindi, Inuktitut, Hiligaynon, and Yup'ik.

(grammar) A noun case used to indicate adjacent location. In English, this is usually expressed by the prepositions near, at, or by, as in "by the house." Languages that use the adessive case include Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Lezgi and Lithuanian.

(grammar) A grammatical case used to indicate the agent of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages.

(grammar) a form of declension that indicates a change in the state of a noun; the Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian languages have such a case