(logic) A logical principle which states all statements must be either true or false, i.e. in symbols: P∨¬P.

A language or collection of dialects that descended from Old Saxon and is the ancestor of modern Low German, spoken from about 1100 to 1600.

The period of European history, between the Early Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages, that saw great social and political change.

The period of European history between the High Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

The period of the Middle Ages from about the fifth to the eleventh centuries that followed the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

A social and economic class lying above the lower class and below the upper middle class.

plural of upper middle class

plural of lower middle class

The countries of the Muslim world, centred on the Middle East and excluding those in Oceania. The Middle East plus Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and North Africa.

The stage of the Indo-Aryan languages following Vedic Sanskrit and preceding the modern Indo-Aryan languages.