A statistical Markov model in which the system being modelled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved (hidden) states.

(chemistry) A molecular model of a chemical substance, displaying the three-dimensional position of the atoms (as spheres) and the bonds between them (as connecting rods).

(historical, physics) An obsolete scientific model of the atom, devised shortly after the discovery of the electron but before the discovery of the atomic nucleus, and according to which the atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges. It was disproved in 1909.

A model of microprocessor production in which each microarchitecture change is followed with a die shrink of the process technology.

An approach which extends hyperelastic material models to allow for the Mullins effect.

(economics) A mathematical model for the dynamics of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments.

(economics) A model in development economics that explains the growth of a developing economy in terms of a labour transition between the capitalist sector and the subsistence sector.

A model of magnetic hysteresis that enables connection with physical parameters of the magnetic material.

(structural engineering) A model of hysteresis, typically employed to describe nonlinear hysteretic systems.

(economics) A microeconomic model of price-setting oligopoly, dealing with the situation of a homogeneous product (i.e. consumers want to buy from the cheapest seller) and a limit to the output of firms which are willing and able to sell at a particular price.