(logic, philosophy) A series of propositions organized so that the final proposition is a conclusion which is intended to follow logically from the preceding propositions, which function as premises.

Consider the argument: / 15) I am hungry; therefore I am hungry. / Intuitively this should count as valid. But suppose we thought of the components of arguments as sentences, and suppose we imagine the context shifting between the utterance of the premise and the utterance of the conclusion. Suppose you are hungry and utter the premise, and I am not hungry and utter the conclusion. Then we would have a true premise and a false conclusion, so the argument would not be valid. Clearly we need to avoid such problems, and introducing the notion of a proposition, in the style of this section, is one way of doing so.

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意味（3）

(countable) A process of reasoning; argumentation.

Indeed, I cannot commend my life; for I am conſcious to my ſelf of many failings: therein, I know alſo that a man by his converſation, may ſoon overthrow what by argument or perſwaſion he doth labour to faſten upon others for their good: […]

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意味（4）

(countable) An abstract or summary of the content of a literary work such as a book, a poem or a major section such as a chapter, included in the work before the content itself; (figuratively) the contents themselves.

If I would broach the veſſels of my loue, / And try the argument of hearts, by borrowing, / Men, and mens fortunes, could I frankely vſe / As I can bid thee ſpeake.

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意味（5）

(countable) A verbal dispute; a quarrel.

The neighbours got into an argument about the branches of the trees that extended over the fence.

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意味（6）

(by extension, humorous or euphemistic) Any dispute, altercation, or collision.

Steve got in a physical argument with his neighbor and came away with a black eye.

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意味（7）

(countable, linguistics) Any of the phrases that bears a syntactic connection to the verb of a clause.

In numerous works over the past two decades, beginning with the pioneering work of Gruber (1965), Fillmore (1968a), and Jackendoff (1972), it has been argued that each Argument (i.e. Subject or Complement) of a Predicate bears a particular thematic role (alias theta-role, or θ-role to its Predicate), and that the set of thematic functions which Arguments can fulfil are drawn from a highly restricted, finite, universal set.

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意味（8）

The independent variable of a function.

意味（9）

The phase of a complex number.

意味（10）

(also astronomy) A quantity on which the calculation of another quantity depends.

The altitude is the argument of the refraction.

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意味（11）

A value, or a reference to a value, passed to a function.

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意味（12）

A parameter at a function call; an actual parameter, as opposed to a formal parameter.

意味（13）

A matter in question; a business in hand.

As neere as I could ſift him on that argument,

On ſome apparent danger ſeene in him,

Aimde at your highnes, no inueterate malice.

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意味（14）

The subject matter of an artistic representation, discourse, or writing; a theme or topic.

[I]n vttering the ſtuffe ye receiued of the one, in declaring the order ye tooke with the other, ye ſhall neuer lacke, neither matter, nor maner, what to write, nor how to write in this kinde of Argument.

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