loan rendering

Morover, Ibn Khaldûn’s particulary terminology, which he evolved with great pains for his “new science,” had to be preserved as far as possible; to some degree, it must have impressed his contemporary readers as unusual. Therefore, at least the outstanding terms. such as ʿumrân, ʿaṣabîyah, badâwah, were preserved in the translation by rather artificial loan renderings (“civilization,” “group spirit, “desert life or attitude”).