Farrell and Maruna (2004) construed the concept of desistence in terms of its primary and secondary manifestations. Whereas primary desistence describes a halt in the commission of criminal behavior, secondary desistence describes a permanent leaving off criminal behavior due to dis-identification with the criminal role.

'Eat your heart out, Jenson Button!' shouted Dean as he yanked the steering wheel of his blue fifteen-year-old Ford Mondeo to the left. 'SHIT!' shouted James as he flinched and curled into a ball. 'You are such a nobber,' Dean yelled as the Mondeo flew out of the bend, waving his hand with exuberance to push his point home.

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We hit a nasty shear on approach and had to go around.