The first line (which goes by the name of Aristophanes) is a Sapphic without the initial trochees.

Christianism is an ideology, politics, an ism. The distinction between Christian and Christianist echoes the distinction we make between Muslim and Islamist. Muslims are those who follow Islam. Islamists are those who want to wield Islam as a political force and conflate state and mosque.

He was not a native of Newcastle, but bad apparently come from the country in youth to serve his apprenticeship as a boothman, or corn merchant; had gone, when out of his time, to gain experience of commercial life in Germany; and […]

Jones apud Smith means that the original source is Jones, but that the author is relying on Smith for that reference.