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Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.
Along these line, the distinction between falsifying and truthifying causal counterfactuals is particularly significant in the context of historical issues: Falsifying Case: If something-or-other — which actually did happen — had not happened, then certain specifiable consequences would have ensued. (Example: If the ministers of George III had not taxed the Colonies, the American Revolution would have been averted in 1776.) Truthifying Case: If something-or-other — which did not actually happen — had happened, then certain specifiable consequences would have ensued. (Example: If the American Colonies had remained subject to Britain, control of the British Empire would eventually have shifted from London to North America.)
If the ministers of George III had not taxed the Colonies, the American Revolution would have been averted in 1776.
If the American Colonies had remained subject to Britain, control of the British Empire would eventually have shifted from London to North America.
The samples were black shale, and on the shales were some ancient fossils called graptolites.
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