Other regular 4-node motifs confirmed the presence of diamond, biparallel and bifan motifs (often built by two regulatory and two regulated genes).
The strain closest to the centroid was designated the centrotype (indicated with the superscript CT). The centrotype organism can be thought of as the Reference Strain which most closely represents the essential and discriminating features of each cluster as a whole.
centrotype
CT
Reference Strain
Although some studies have documented risks, 6, 7, 9 a large recent population-based study found no association of PBC with smoking, age at menarche or first pregnancy, or gravidity. 10 Prevalent coexisting autoimmune conditions include Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, and Hashimoto thyroiditis. 4 PBC diagnosis requires two of the three following objective criteria: 1) biochemical evidence of cholestasis based primarily on elevated level of serum ALP (>1.5 times (x) the upper limit of normal, ULN); 2) presence of serum AMA (titers ≥1:40); and 3) liver histology characterized by nonsuppurative cholangitis and interlobular bile duct destruction. 3, 5, 11 AMA-positive patients with normal liver biochemistries should have yearly laboratory monitoring for the development of cholestasis. 11 In patients who are AMA negative and have liver biopsy findings of possible PBC (or PSC), genetic testing for ABCB4 (encoding the canilicular phospholipid transporter) deficiency should be considered. 11, 12 Family members (particularly female first-degree relatives) should be screened for PBC by testing serum ALP, and elevations should prompt checking AMA. 3 A small subgroup of patients demonstrates features of both PBC and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
This gentleman was presented by Colonel C. E. S. Wood, and was entertained here—wined, dined, tead, breakfasted, coffeed and luncheoned—and we bought his pictures.
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