when; whenever

Transoxiana, "beyond the river" (an old name for the land in Central Asia north of the Amu Darya River).

mashallah:; Expressing the speaker's gratitude for a blessing or their recognition of divine intervention in its occurrence. God willed it. / mashallah:; Expressing the speaker's wish for a fortune to be maintained, especially against the evil eye; used in congratulation.

prehistoric

I don't know, your guess is as good as mine (literally, "the asked knows no better than the asker")

(literally) that which God has not ordained or ordered / (idiomatic) strange, bizarre / (idiomatic) fabricated, fake / (idiomatic) appalling, hideous, horrible, terrible

to practice (to engage in)

March (third month of the Gregorian calendar) / Mars (god)

a double-point win in backgammon, achieved by clearing all pieces before the opponent has begun clearing theirs

(usually uncountable) water