北上: going north

(historical) a daimyo who were hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara

赤外線天文学: infrared astronomy

花一匁: a traditional Japanese children's game that is similar to the game red rover

大臀筋: gluteus maximus

大王烏賊: a giant squid

第三ビール: “third-category beer” not classified as beer in the Japanese tax code

大聖堂: cathedral

暗黒時代: a historical period where social disorder is so great due to war, disease, political disorder etc. that there is little or no cultural development; Dark Ages

大学校: a college or an academy