(figuratively) volatile, critical, dangerous, touch-and-go

research & development; R&D

developmental dictatorship, a type of dictatorship that prioritizes economic and social development than political participation and human rights of citizens

Alternative form of 第

extend all the way across / run all the way through

climate / season / weather

headdress, crown / order, rank / Synonym of 年爵 (“an annual salary in the Heian period”)

thick / heavy / kind

peninsula; promontory; cape; spit

peace