miso soup: a soup, based in thick bean paste (called miso) and dashi, with some vegetables, tofu, occasionally meat.

(archaic, possibly obsolete) to do something little by little / (archaic, possibly obsolete) to hum

pretending to know

白んぼ: (derogatory, ethnic slur) whitey; cracker (Caucasian)

([…]はいざしらず、[…]) I don't know about […] , but […]

citron

Chinese emperor sacrifice ceremony / Chinese emperor abdicating the throne / meditative concentration / dhyana, Zen Buddhism

dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation

modest; humble

yield / let / allow