to transcribe: to spell out foreign words in native script; historically, often using kanji for their phonetic values / to read text aloud, to synthesize speech: to turn text into sound

line, row / (mathematics) a column of a matrix

mark, sign, indication, symbol

mainly, primarily

global warming

a bad sense of direction / one who has a bad sense of direction

do, perform, carry out

the twelfth string on a koto (Japanese zither) / a fingering method for playing the shakuhachi (Japanese flute)

do; perform; carry out

need, necessity / essential