a privately-owned ricefield, especially one under the historical 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

personal grudge

Kyūjitai form of 私鉄 (“private railway”)

Alternative spelling of 燦々

brilliant, bright

Alternative spelling of 燦々

Alternative spelling of 燦々

A gentleman encompasses all and remains impartial. A petty mind is partial and does not encompass all. That is, a gentleman shows kindness to all with fairness, but a petty person is only kind to a few friends.

(Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū) because, since, so: presents the preceding clause as the reason for the following clause

three