Kyūjitai form of 年号 (“era name”).

“a hundred days of sermonizing, one fart” → a metaphor for how something that one has put great effort into can come to nothing after even a slight mistake, much as a hundred days of serious spiritual study can be lost to the winds

to wait eagerly or impatiently

it is best to submit to circumstances

good wine makes good blood; sake is the best of all medicines; drinking a moderate amount of alcohol is better than medicine

to make judgement based on the long run, rather than on the current state of affairs

a fountain pen

the basics, a general idea

(literally) one side / everywhere, all around, the whole area / one viewpoint, one opinion or way of thinking / the front page of a newspaper

for the time being, for the present