(historical) the capital of 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”), corresponds to modern Luoyang / (historical) the capital of 北宋 (Hokusō, “Northern Song”), corresponds to modern Kaifeng

(historical) Tonkin (northern region of Vietnam)

殿: Mr., Ms., a more formal title than さん (-san) but not as respectful as 様(さま) (-sama)

どの様に: how (to what degree)

土嚢: sandbag

独活の木: Pisonia umbellifera

which (of three or more) / which one /

Mr., Ms., a more formal title than さん (-san) but not so respectful as 様(さま) (-sama)

sandbag

独活の木: Pisonia umbellifera