last summer

to refuse (to do) something, to reject something / to block or obstruct

a caricature

master (term of address for a teacher) / Confucius

satire / irony; sarcasm

giving / providing

口実:: excuse

公人: public character / 後人: posterity; future generations / 工人: workman; laborer; craftsman; artisan

koji: a substance that is produced by letting a mold, especially Aspergillus oryzae, grow on rice, barley, soybeans, etc., used to make fermented products such as sake, amazake, miso, and soy sauce

a surname